Skin cancer
What Is Skin Cancer?
Skin cancer is the out-of-control growth of abnormal cells in the epidermis, the outermost skin layer, caused by unrepaired DNA damage that triggers mutations. These mutations lead the skin cells to multiply rapidly and form malignant tumors. The main types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC).
What Does Skin Cancer Look Like?
Skin cancer can appear as a new growth or a change in an existing spot on your skin. It may look like a shiny bump, a scaly red patch, a wart-like growth, or a sore that doesn’t heal. More serious types, like melanoma, often show irregular shapes, uneven borders, or multiple colors, and they may change over time. If you notice any unusual skin changes, it’s important to have them checked by a dermatologist.
What Causes Cancers of the Skin?
The two main causes of skin cancer are the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays and using UV tanning beds. The good news is that if skin cancer is caught early, your dermatologist can treat it with high success rate. Often, the doctor may even detect the growth at a precancerous stage, before it has become a full-blown skin cancer or penetrated below the surface of the skin.
Basal cell carcinoma
What is it?
Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are abnormal, uncontrolled growths that arise from the skin’s basal cells in the outermost layer of skin (epidermis).
Where is it usually found?
These cancers most often develop on skin areas typically exposed to the sun, especially the face, ears, neck, scalp, shoulders and back.
What causes it?
Most BCCs are caused by the combination of intermittent, intense exposure and cumulative, long-term exposure to UV radiation from the sun.
How many people get it?
BCC is the most common form of skin cancer, with approximately 3.6 million cases diagnosed in the United States each year.
How serious is it?
BCCs can be locally destructive if not detected and treated early. Occasionally these cancers metastasize (spread); and in very rare instances they can be fatal.
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is it?
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells arising from the squamous cells in the outmost layer of skin (epidermis).
Where is it usually found?
SCCs are common on sun-exposed areas such as the ears, face, scalp, neck and hands. These are places where the skin often reveals signs of sun damage, including wrinkles and age spots.
What causes it?
Cumulative, long-term exposure to UV radiation from the sun and tanning beds causes most SCCs.
How many people get it?
SCC is the second most common form of skin cancer. An estimated 1.8 million cases are diagnosed each year in the U.S.
How serious is it?
SCCs can sometimes grow rapidly and metastasize if not detected and treated early.
Melanoma
What is it?
Melanoma is a cancer that develops from melanocytes, the skin cells that produce melanin pigment, which gives skin its color.
Where is it usually found?
Melanomas often resemble moles and sometimes may arise from them. They can appear on any area of the body, even in areas that are not typically exposed to the sun.
What causes it?
Melanoma is often triggered by the kind of intense, intermittent sun exposure that leads to sunburn. Tanning bed use also increases risk for melanoma.
How many people get it?
In 2023, an estimated 186,680 new cases of melanoma are expected to occur in the U.S. Of those, 89,070 cases will be in situ (noninvasive), confined to the epidermis (the top layer of skin), and 97,610 cases will be invasive, penetrating the epidermis into the skin’s second layer (the dermis).
How serious is it?
Melanoma is the most dangerous of the three most common forms of skin cancer. Melanomas can be curable when caught and treated early. In 2023, melanoma is projected to cause about 7,990 deaths.
